Kidney failure_ Symptoms, causes, types, and treatment - Riddlie

 Kidney Failure

Kidney failure

Kidney failure, also known as Renal failure, is a condition in which the kidneys are unable to function properly. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, regulating electrolyte levels, and maintaining the overall balance of bodily fluids. When the kidneys fail, waste products and fluids can build up in the body, leading to a range of complications and potentially life-threatening health problems. There are two main types of kidney failure: acute and chronic. Acute kidney failure can develop rapidly, often as a result of a sudden illness or injury, while chronic kidney failure develops over a period of months or years and is usually associated with long-term conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure.

Table of content:

• Kidney Failure.
• Stages of Kidney Failure.
• Symptoms of Kidney Failure.
• Causes of Kidney Failure.
• Diet for Kidney Failure.
• Types of Kidney Failure.
• Diagnosis of Kidney Failure.
• What happens when the kidney fails?
• How long can ones live in kidney failure?
• Can a person recover from kidney failure?
• How to prevent Kidney failure?

Stages of Kidney failure

5 stages of kidney failure

There are five stages of kidney failure, also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD). The stages are determined by the level of kidney function and the amount of damage to the kidneys.

Stage 1 of kidney failure:

In this stage, the kidneys are functioning normally, but there may be signs of kidney damage, such as protein in the urine. Kidney damage with normal or high eGFR (≥90 ml/min/1.73 m²) and no albuminuria (A1) in stage 1.

Stage 2 of kidney failure:

In stage 2, there is mild kidney damage and a slight decrease in kidney function. Kidney damage with mildly decreased eGFR (60-89 ml/min/1.73 m²) and no or mild albuminuria (A1 or A2) in stage 2.

Stage 3 of kidney failure:

Stage 3 is divided into two sub-stages, 3a and 3b. In stage 3a, there is a moderate decrease in kidney function, while in stage 3b, the decrease is more severe. Moderate to severe decreased eGFR (30-59 ml/min/1.73 m²) with or without albuminuria (A1, A2 or A3) in stage 3.

Stage 4 of kidney failure:

In stage 4, there is severe kidney damage and a significant decrease in kidney function. Severe decreased eGFR (15-29 ml/min/1.73 m²) with or without albuminuria (A1, A2 or A3) in stage 4.

Stage 5 of kidney failure:

This is the most severe stage of kidney failure, also known as an end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this stage, the kidneys have lost nearly all their function, and the patient requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive. Kidney failure with eGFR less than 15 ml/min/1.73 m² or requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation in stage 5.

The values for eGFR are measured in milliliters per minute per 1.73 square meters of body surface area. The presence of albuminuria is classified as A1 (normal to mildly increased), A2 (moderately increased) or A3 (severely increased). The stage of kidney failure is determined by the combination of eGFR and albuminuria values.

It is important to note that kidney failure can occur suddenly (acute kidney injury) or develop gradually over time (chronic kidney disease). It is essential to monitor kidney function regularly, especially in people at high risk for kidney diseases, such as those with diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney problems.

Symptoms of kidney failure

symptoms of kidney failure

Symptoms of kidney failure may include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
• Decreased appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Itching and dry skin
• Difficulty sleeping
• Changes in urine output (more or less)
• Foamy or dark-colored urine
• Blood in urine
• Muscle cramps and twitches
• Difficulty concentrating or confusion
• High blood pressure
• Anemia (low red blood cell count)

Causes of kidney failure

Causes of kidney failure

There are several possible causes of kidney failure, also known as an end-stage renal disease (ESRD), including:

Diabetes:

Uncontrolled diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure. High levels of sugar in the blood can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney damage over time.

High blood pressure:

High blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to kidney failure.

Glomerulonephritis:

This is a group of diseases that cause inflammation and damage to the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli). Over time, this can lead to kidney failure.

Polycystic kidney disease:

This is an inherited condition in which cysts grow in the kidneys, causing them to enlarge and lose function.

Kidney stones:

Large kidney stones can block the flow of urine and cause damage to the kidneys.

Infections:

Severe or recurrent infections can damage the kidneys and lead to kidney failure.

Medications and toxins:

Certain medications and toxins can cause damage to the kidneys, especially if taken in large doses or over a long period of time.

Congenital abnormalities:

Some people are born with abnormalities in their kidneys that can lead to kidney failure.

It's important to note that some of these causes can be prevented or managed with lifestyle changes, medications, and early treatment.

Diagnosis of kidney failure

diagnosis of kidney failure

A diagnosis of kidney failure typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Some of the common tests used to diagnose kidney failure include:

Blood tests:

A blood test can determine the levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), which are waste products that accumulate in the blood when the kidneys aren't functioning properly.

Urine tests:

A urine test can determine the presence of protein or blood in the urine, which can indicate kidney damage.

Imaging tests:

Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI can help to identify structural abnormalities in the kidneys.

Kidney biopsy:

A kidney biopsy involves taking a small sample of kidney tissue to examine it under a microscope, which can help to diagnose the cause of kidney failure.

It is important to consult a medical professional for the proper diagnosis and treatment of kidney failure.

Types of kidney failure

There are two types of kidney failure:

• Acute kidney failure: 
• Chronic kidney failure: 

Now let's discuss them in detail:

Acute kidney failure: 

Acute kidney failure

Acute kidney failure is a medical condition where the kidneys suddenly stop functioning, leading to a buildup of waste products in the body. This can be a serious condition, as the kidneys play a vital role in removing waste and excess fluids from the body. In this article, we'll explore the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for acute kidney failure.

Symptoms of Acute Kidney Failure:

The symptoms of acute kidney failure can vary from person to person, and some people may not experience any symptoms at all. However, some of the most common symptoms of acute kidney failure include:

• Decreased urine output
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
• Fatigue or weakness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Shortness of breath
• Confusion or seizures
• Chest pain or pressure

If you experience any of these symptoms, it's important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Acute kidney failure can be a life-threatening condition, and prompt medical attention is crucial.

Causes of Acute Kidney Failure:

There are many different factors that can cause acute kidney failure, including:

• Dehydration
• A sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys
• A blockage in the urinary tract
• An infection in the kidneys
• Certain medications, such as NSAIDs, antibiotics, and blood pressure medications
• Certain medical conditions, such as lupus, multiple myeloma, or acute glomerulonephritis

It's important to note that not everyone who experiences these factors will develop acute kidney failure. However, it's important to be aware of the potential causes in order to take steps to prevent the condition.

Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Failure:

To diagnose acute kidney failure, your doctor will likely perform a physical exam and order some tests, such as:

• Blood tests to measure the levels of waste products in your blood
• Urine tests to check for abnormalities in the urine
• Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, to look at the kidneys and urinary tract

If you are diagnosed with acute kidney failure, your doctor may refer you to a nephrologist, a doctor who specializes in kidney health.

Treatment of Acute Kidney Failure:

The treatment for acute kidney failure will depend on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, the kidneys may recover on their own with supportive care, such as:

• Rest and plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
• Medications to treat any infections or other underlying conditions
• Dialysis removes waste products from the blood and relieve the workload on the kidneys

In more severe cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary. If you are diagnosed with acute kidney failure, your doctor will work with you to determine the best treatment plan for your individual needs.

Preventing Acute Kidney Failure:

While not all cases of acute kidney failure can be prevented, there are some steps you can take to reduce your risk, such as:

• Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water and other fluids
• Managing any underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
• Avoiding medications that can harm the kidneys, or taking them under the guidance of a doctor
• Getting regular checkups and screenings to monitor kidney function

Conclusion;

Acute kidney failure is a serious condition that can have a significant impact on your health and quality of life. If you experience any of the symptoms of acute kidney failure, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. By taking steps to prevent the condition and seeking prompt treatment when necessary, you can help protect your kidney health and maintain overall wellness.

Chronic kidney failure: 

Chronic kidney failure

Chronic kidney failure, also known as chronic kidney disease, is a condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to perform their normal function of filtering wastes and excess fluids from the blood. This can lead to the buildup of toxins in the body, which can result in a range of symptoms and health problems.

Symptoms of chronic kidney failure:

The symptoms of chronic kidney failure can be subtle at first, and they may develop over a long period of time. Some of the most common symptoms of chronic kidney failure include:

Fatigue: One of the most common symptoms of chronic kidney failure is fatigue, which is a feeling of extreme tiredness or exhaustion.

Swelling: Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, and face is also common in chronic kidney failure. This is because the kidneys are not able to remove excess fluids from the body.

Shortness of breath: As the kidneys fail, they are unable to remove excess fluid from the lungs, which can lead to shortness of breath.

Nausea and vomiting: As toxins build up in the body, it can cause nausea and vomiting.

Loss of appetite: Chronic kidney failure can cause a loss of appetite, which can lead to weight loss.

Muscle cramps: Muscle cramps and twitches can be a symptom of chronic kidney failure. This is because the kidneys are not able to balance the levels of minerals in the body, such as potassium and calcium.

Causes of chronic kidney failure:

There are several causes of chronic kidney failure, including:

Diabetes: Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney failure. High blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney damage.

High blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney damage over time.

Glomerulonephritis: Glomerulonephritis is a condition that occurs when the small blood vessels in the kidneys become inflamed and damaged.

Polycystic kidney disease: Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney failure over time.

Diagnosis of chronic kidney failure:

If you are experiencing any of the symptoms of chronic kidney failure, it is important to see a doctor. Your doctor will perform a series of tests to determine if you have chronic kidney failure. These tests may include:

Blood tests: Blood tests can be used to measure the levels of creatinine and other waste products in the blood. High levels of creatinine can be a sign of kidney damage.

Urine tests: Urine tests can be used to measure the amount of protein in the urine. High levels of protein in the urine can be a sign of kidney damage.

Imaging tests: Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, can be used to look at the kidneys and check for any abnormalities.

Treatment of chronic kidney failure:

There is no cure for chronic kidney failure, but there are treatments available that can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Some of the most common treatments for chronic kidney failure include:

Medications: Medications, such as blood pressure medications and cholesterol-lowering drugs, can help manage the symptoms of chronic kidney failure.

Dialysis: Dialysis is a treatment that can help remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood. There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Kidney transplant: A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure

Kidney failure diet

Kidney failure diet

A kidney failure diet is a meal plan designed for people who have chronic kidney disease. The diet aims to reduce the number of waste products in the body that the kidneys cannot remove due to their decreased function. The diet typically includes:

Reduced protein intake: 

Protein is known to increase the workload of the kidneys, so reducing the amount of protein in the diet is important.

Controlled sodium intake:

Sodium can cause fluid retention, high blood pressure and further damage to the kidneys.

Limited phosphorus intake:

Phosphorus is a mineral that the kidneys cannot efficiently remove when they are not functioning properly. High levels of phosphorus can lead to bone problems and other complications.

Reduced potassium intake:

High potassium levels can cause muscle weakness and abnormal heart rhythms.

Limited fluids:

Excessive fluids can cause swelling and high blood pressure, which can worsen kidney function.

A kidney failure diet should be individualized based on the patient's specific condition and medical history. It is important to work with a registered dietitian who specializes in kidney disease to ensure proper nutrition and optimal health.

What happens when the kidney fails?

When the kidney fails, it is unable to properly filter and eliminate waste products and excess fluid from the body. This can lead to a buildup of toxins and electrolyte imbalances, which can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs and ankles. If left untreated, kidney failure can lead to life-threatening complications such as heart disease, stroke, and pulmonary edema. Treatment options include dialysis or a kidney transplant.

How long can ones live in kidney failure?

The life expectancy of a person with kidney failure depends on several factors such as age, overall health, treatment options, and the underlying cause of the kidney failure. With proper treatment, some people may live for many years with kidney failure, while others may require a kidney transplant or dialysis to survive. Therefore, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider to determine the individual's life expectancy and the best treatment options.

Can a person recover from kidney failure?

Kidney failure can be reversible, and recovery is possible if the underlying cause is treated. Acute kidney failure caused by dehydration, medication toxicity, or urinary tract blockage can often be treated and reversed. However, chronic kidney failure is irreversible and can only be managed with dialysis or a kidney transplant. The best way to prevent kidney failure is to maintain a healthy lifestyle and manage underlying conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes. It's important to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

How to prevent Kidney failure?

However, here are some general ways to prevent kidney failure:

• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water
• Maintain a healthy diet and avoid excessive intake of salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats
• Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of diabetes and high blood pressure
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption
• Manage any existing medical conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease
• Avoid overuse of pain medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen
• Regularly monitor kidney function with blood and urine tests if you have a family history of kidney disease or other risk factors.

It's important to consult a doctor for specific recommendations and advice on preventing kidney failure.